Real-time monitoring of the gastrointestinal tract in a safe and comfortable manner is valuable for the diagnosis and therapy of many diseases. Within this realm, our review captures the trends in ingestible capsule systems with a focus on hardware and software technologies used for capsule endoscopy and remote patient monitoring. We introduce the structure and functions of the gastrointestinal tract, and the FDA guidelines for ingestible wireless telemetric medical devices. We survey the advanced features incorporated in ingestible capsule systems, such as microrobotics, closed-loop feedback, physiological sensing, nerve stimulation, sampling and delivery, panoramic imaging with adaptive frame rates, and rapid reading software. Examples of experimental and commercialized capsule systems are presented with descriptions of their sensors, devices, and circuits for gastrointestinal health monitoring. We also show the recent research in biocompatible materials and batteries, edible electronics, and alternative energy sources for ingestible capsule systems. The results from clinical studies are discussed for the assessment of key performance indicators related to the safety and effectiveness of ingestible capsule procedures. Lastly, the present challenges and outlook are summarized with respect to the risks to health, clinical testing and approval process, and technology adoption by patients and clinicians.

Dylan Miley

Leonardo Bertoncello Machado

Calvin Condo

Albert E. Jergens

Kyoung-Jin Yoon

Santosh Pandey

Video Capsule Endoscopy and Ingestible Electronics: Emerging Trends in Sensors, Circuits, Materials, Telemetry, Optics, and Rapid Reading Software

A Sagnac interferometer has been a powerful tool for gyroscope, spectroscopy, and navigation based on the Sagnac effects between counterpropagating twin fields in a closed loop, whose difference phase is caused by Einstein&#x2019;s special relativity. Here, a nonclassical version of a Sagnac interferometer is presented using completely different physics of coherence de Broglie waves (CBW) in a cavity, where CBW is a nonclassical feature overcoming the standard quantum limit governed by classical physics.

Byoung S. Ham

A Nonclassical Sagnac Interferometer Using Coherence de Broglie Waves

Brillouin-based fiber-optic sensing has been regarded as a powerful distributed measurement tool for monitoring the conditions of modern large civil and geotechnical structures, since it provides continuous environmental information (e.g., temperature and strain) along the whole fiber used for sensing applications. In the past few decades, great research efforts were devoted to improve its performance in terms of measurement range, spatial resolution, measurement speed, sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness, of which the slope-assisted measurement scheme, achieved by exploiting the linear slope of the Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS), have paved the way for dynamic distributed fiber-optic sensing. In this article, slope-assisted Brillouin-based distributed fiber-optic sensing techniques demonstrated in the past few years will be reviewed, including the slope-assisted Brillouin optical time-domain analysis/reflectometry (SA-BOTDA/SA-BOTDR), the slope-assisted Brillouin dynamic grating (BDG) sensor, and the slope-assisted Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis/reflectometry (SA-BOCDA/SA-BOCDR). Avenues for future research and development of slope-assisted Brillouin-based fiber-optic sensors are also prospected.

Xinyu Fan

Bin Wang

Guangyao Yang

Zuyuan He

Slope-Assisted Brillouin-Based Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensing Techniques

Thermally drawn multimaterial fibers have experienced rapid development in the past two decades owing to the high scalability, uniformity, and material and structure compatibility of the thermal drawing technique. This article reviews various multimaterial fibers based on different functional structures and their applications in disparate fields. We start from the functional structures achieved in optical fibers developed in the early stage of thermally drawn fibers. Subsequently, we introduce both typical functional structures and unique structures created in multimaterial fibers for varying applications. Next, we present the early attempts in breaking the axial symmetric structures of thermally drawn fibers for extended functionalities. Additionally, we summarize the current progress on creating surface structures on thermally drawn fibers. Finally, we provide an outlook for this trending topic towards wearable devices and smart textiles.

Zhe Wang

Mengxiao Chen

Yu Zheng

Jing Zhang

Zhixun Wang

Jiao Yang

Qichong Zhang

Bing He

Miao Qi

Haozhe Zhang

Kaiwei Li

Lei Wei

Advanced Thermally Drawn Multimaterial Fibers: Structure-Enabled Functionalities

Recently, Rayleigh scattering-based distributed fiber sensors have been widely used for measurement of static and dynamic phenomena such as temperature change, dynamic strain, and sound waves. In this review paper, several sensing systems including traditional Rayleigh optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR), <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="M1" style="vertical-align:-0.04981995pt" height="8.3338pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.28398 9.6623 8.3338" width="9.6623pt"><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,0,0)"><path d="M432 580C432 621 448 643 535 643V662H229V643C315 643 330 625 330 580V560C188 560 35 496 35 330C35 199 125 103 313 103H330V85C330 34 295 19 229 19V0H535V19C464 23 432 32 432 86V103H457C567 103 728 172 728 330C728 496 571 560 432 560V580ZM430 523C559 523 619 415 619 318C619 205 523 140 430 140V523ZM332 140C211 140 144 224 144 318C144 416 221 523 332 523V140Z"/></g></svg>-OTDR, chirped pulse <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-0.04981995pt" height="8.3338pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.28398 9.6623 8.3338" width="9.6623pt"><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,0,0)"><path d="M432 580C432 621 448 643 535 643V662H229V643C315 643 330 625 330 580V560C188 560 35 496 35 330C35 199 125 103 313 103H330V85C330 34 295 19 229 19V0H535V19C464 23 432 32 432 86V103H457C567 103 728 172 728 330C728 496 571 560 432 560V580ZM430 523C559 523 619 415 619 318C619 205 523 140 430 140V523ZM332 140C211 140 144 224 144 318C144 416 221 523 332 523V140Z"/></g></svg>-OTDR, and optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) are introduced for their working principles and recent progress with different instrumentations for various applications. Beyond the sensing technology and instrumentation, we also discuss new types of fiber sensors, such as ultraweak fiber Bragg gratings and random fiber gratings for distributed sensing and their interrogators. Ultimately, the limitations of Rayleigh-based distributed sensing systems are discussed.

Xiaoyi Bao

Yuan Wang

Recent Advancements in Rayleigh Scattering-Based Distributed Fiber Sensors

Light-matter interactions have been explored for more than 40 years to achieve physical modulation of nanostructures or the manipulation of nanoparticle/biomolecule. Silicon photonics is a mature technology with standard fabrication techniques to fabricate micro- and nano-sized structures with a wide range of material properties (silicon oxides, silicon nitrides, <i>p</i>- and <i>n</i>-doping, etc.), high dielectric properties, high integration compatibility, and high biocompatibilities. Owing to these superior characteristics, silicon photonics is a promising approach to demonstrate optical force-based integrated devices and systems for practical applications. In this paper, we provide an overview of optical force in silicon nanophotonic and optomechanical systems and their latest technological development. First, we discuss various types of optical forces in light-matter interactions from particles or nanostructures. We then present particle manipulation in silicon nanophotonics and highlight its applications in biological and biomedical fields. Next, we discuss nanostructure mechanical modulation in silicon optomechanical devices, presenting their applications in photonic network, quantum physics, phonon manipulation, physical sensors, etc. Finally, we discuss the future perspective of optical force-based integrated silicon photonics.

Lip Ket Chin

Yuzhi Shi

Ai-Qun Liu

Optical Forces in Silicon Nanophotonics and Optomechanical Systems: Science and Applications

A deep learning model was built to optimize the phase flicker performance for given pulse width modulation (PWM) driving patterns of a liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) device. 10-bit phase modulation was physically realized with a phase flicker of 0.055% over 1024 addressed phase levels in respect to the total modulation range of <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="M1" style="vertical-align:-0.1876698pt" height="8.92284pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.73517 14.312 8.92284" width="14.312pt">


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</svg> and a separation probability of 62.63% for the phase to stay within its level without overlapping with the adjacent ones. The spatial information bandwidth of the full high-definition (HD) LCOS device at 100 Hz was improved by 25%, from ~1.6 Gb/sec to ~2 Gb/sec.

Yuan Tong

Mike Pivnenko

Daping Chu

Implementation of 10-Bit Phase Modulation for Phase-Only LCOS Devices Using Deep Learning

Wei Wang

Advanced Devices &#x0026; Instrumentation: Integrated for Functionality to Change the World

About this journal

<p>The open access journal <em>Advanced Devices &amp; Instrumentation</em>, published in association with BIACD, is a forum to promote breakthroughs and application advances at all levels of electronics and photonics.</p>


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<p><em>Advanced Devices &amp; Instrumentation’s</em>&nbsp;editorial board is led by Wei Wang (China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation) and&nbsp;Daping Chu (University of Cambridge) and is comprised of experts who have made significant and well recognized contributions to the field.</p>


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<p><em>Advanced Devices &amp; Instrumentation</em>&nbsp;presents its first special issue: <a href="https://spj.sciencemag.org/adi-special-issues/metasurfaces/">Metasurface-Based Devices</a></p>


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Advanced Devices & Instrumentation | Science Partner Journal

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The open access journal Advanced Devices & Instrumentation, published in association with BIACD, is a forum to promote breakthroughs and application advances at all levels of electronics and photonics.

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Table of Contents  | Advanced Devices & Instrumentation | Science Partner Journal