Recent Advancements in Ultrasound Transducer: From Material Strategies to Biomedical Applications

<div class="floats-full-page floats-full-page-other"><h2>Table 2</h2><div class="floats-full-page-caption"><div>Performance summary of representative optoacoustic transducers.</div></div><div class="floats-full-page-content"><table class="table-group" id="tab2"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="11"><hr /></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left" rowspan="2">Light absorption materials</td><td class="align_center" rowspan="2">Transducer’s aperture size (mm)</td><td class="align_center" rowspan="2"><svg height="9.49473pt" id="M62" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 7.34169 9.49473" width="7.34169pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M530 686C535 705 530 712 521 712C504 712 448 684 359 674L358 648H393C437 648 439 646 429 593L400 435C372 447 345 448 332 448C286 448 194 414 144 373C68 311 23 203 23 111C23 26 57 -12 91 -12C120 -12 147 3 188 29C227 54 290 102 341 170H343L322 71C308 6 320 -12 341 -12C373 -12 442 27 501 96L485 120C455 91 422 67 408 67C401 67 401 76 404 91C440 294 479 473 530 686ZM387 375L355 241C326 187 200 53 142 53C126 53 109 73 109 130C109 217 154 337 218 381C240 396 265 404 297 404S372 390 387 375Z"></path></g></svg> (<i>μ</i>m)</td><td class="align_center" rowspan="2">CF (MHz)</td><td class="align_center" rowspan="2">-6 dB BW (%)</td><td class="align_center" rowspan="2"><svg height="9.39034pt" id="M63" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 6.54569 9.39034" width="6.54569pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M471 401C471 442 455 448 440 448C421 448 389 439 366 424C314 390 233 331 165 242H163L187 345C193 372 197 393 197 409C197 435 189 448 174 448C146 448 80 408 23 349L40 327C64 351 97 373 107 373C115 373 118 366 111 337L29 -4L36 -12C56 -4 83 3 110 9C123 69 136 126 150 172C227 283 336 381 377 381C392 381 396 370 379 298L326 74C290 -77 273 -172 273 -197C273 -219 316 -261 346 -261L353 -246C348 -227 352 -174 374 -66L457 310C467 352 471 381 471 401Z"></path></g></svg>(×10<sup>-2</sup>)</td><td class="align_center" rowspan="2"><svg height="8.68572pt" id="M64" style="vertical-align:-0.0498209pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 8.15071 8.68572" width="8.15071pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M600 480C600 590 528 650 384 650H143L137 622C222 614 225 607 210 531L130 127C113 41 106 36 23 28L17 0H294L300 28C204 36 195 42 212 127L243 284L314 263C327 263 339 263 352 264C465 271 600 337 600 480ZM508 481C508 351 402 304 329 304C289 304 265 311 250 317L295 559C302 594 310 606 323 611C335 616 350 619 367 619C455 619 508 573 508 481Z"></path></g></svg> (MPa)</td><td class="align_center" rowspan="2"><svg height="9.49473pt" id="M65" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 6.83278 9.49473" width="6.83278pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M499 88L487 113C459 86 422 65 413 65C403 65 403 74 409 98L461 318C487 426 460 448 431 448C408 448 383 441 352 424C305 398 223 344 157 257H155L243 674C249 702 249 712 240 712C227 712 170 680 87 673L82 648H117C155 648 162 644 150 590L23 -4L30 -12C55 -4 81 3 105 8C113 53 131 150 143 187C199 281 323 387 372 387C390 387 393 369 380 311L328 86C313 19 319 -12 347 -12C379 -12 442 24 499 88Z"></path></g></svg> (mm)</td><td class="align_center" colspan="2">Pulse laser parameters</td><td class="align_center" rowspan="2">Reference</td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_center"><svg height="8.68572pt" id="M66" style="vertical-align:-0.0498209pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 8.13765 8.68572" width="8.13765pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M593 650H142L136 622C219 616 224 611 209 531L130 120C114 39 108 34 23 28L17 0H501C518 32 557 130 568 158L540 169C519 132 495 93 469 70C439 43 409 35 332 35C272 35 241 37 225 50C211 61 211 89 222 149L253 320H350C441 320 443 312 441 239H471L510 434H481C455 366 448 358 360 358H260L303 572C311 613 312 615 348 615H431C509 615 522 603 532 581C544 555 546 531 545 491L574 493C583 555 592 631 593 650Z"></path></g></svg>(mJ/pulse)</td><td class="align_center"><svg height="6.1673pt" id="M67" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 6.40217 6.1673" width="6.40217pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M471 456L444 459C426 433 414 430 388 430C324 430 270 434 216 434C103 434 51 374 23 338L43 317C96 366 146 380 221 375L154 109C149 86 147 68 147 52C147 4 168 -12 197 -12C240 -12 291 25 334 71L320 96C295 75 268 58 252 58C238 58 227 79 238 138C251 211 272 296 292 372C310 372 332 368 350 368C391 368 421 369 434 371C444 388 455 413 471 456Z"></path></g></svg> (ns)</td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="11"><hr /></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Au</td><td class="align_center">—</td><td class="align_center">0.02</td><td class="align_center">~80</td><td class="align_center">~180</td><td class="align_center">—</td><td class="align_center">1.5</td><td class="align_center">0</td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 42.8878ptpx;"><svg height="11.9413pt" id="M68" style="vertical-align:-0.3499002pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 42.8878 11.9413" width="42.8878pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.145,0)"><path d="M528 54L331 254L528 455L492 493L294 291L96 493L60 455L257 254L60 54L96 16L294 217L492 16L528 54Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.682,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.922,0)"><path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,32.209,-5.741)"><path d="M556 236V289H56V236H556Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,37.769,-5.741)"><path d="M462 177V227H365V632H320C217 496 116 350 21 208V177H284V109C284 43 280 38 190 31V0H451V31C369 38 365 43 365 108V177H462ZM284 227H88C155 336 218 430 282 519H284V227Z"></path></g></svg></span></td><td class="align_center">5</td><td class="align_center">[<a href="../../9764501/#B74" target="_blank">74</a>]</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">CSNP</td><td class="align_center">~10</td><td class="align_center">6</td><td class="align_center">10</td><td class="align_center">210</td><td class="align_center">0.441</td><td class="align_center">+4.8/-1</td><td class="align_center">4.2</td><td class="align_center">3.57</td><td class="align_center">6</td><td class="align_center">[<a href="../../9764501/#B75" target="_blank">75</a>]</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">CNTs-xylene</td><td class="align_center">0.22</td><td class="align_center">~1</td><td class="align_center">28.5</td><td class="align_center">~140</td><td class="align_center">—</td><td class="align_center">12.2</td><td class="align_center">3</td><td class="align_center">0.01</td><td class="align_center">2</td><td class="align_center">[<a href="../../9764501/#B76" target="_blank">76</a>]</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">CNTs-yarn</td><td class="align_center">10</td><td class="align_center">~5</td><td class="align_center">11.8</td><td class="align_center">179</td><td class="align_center">2.74</td><td class="align_center">+33.6/-10</td><td class="align_center">5</td><td class="align_center">45</td><td class="align_center">5</td><td class="align_center">[<a href="../../9764501/#B6" target="_blank">6</a>]</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">CNT array</td><td class="align_center">5</td><td class="align_center">18</td><td class="align_center">20.2</td><td class="align_center">152</td><td class="align_center">0.251</td><td class="align_center">+8.8</td><td class="align_center">2</td><td class="align_center">10</td><td class="align_center">5</td><td class="align_center">[<a href="../../9764501/#B77" target="_blank">77</a>]</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Functionalized CNTs</td><td class="align_center">2.8</td><td class="align_center">38</td><td class="align_center">~100</td><td class="align_center">171</td><td class="align_center">—</td><td class="align_center">1.69</td><td class="align_center">0</td><td class="align_center">—</td><td class="align_center">0.03</td><td class="align_center">[<a href="../../9764501/#B35" target="_blank">35</a>]</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">MAPbI<sub>3</sub></td><td class="align_center">5</td><td class="align_center">0.34</td><td class="align_center">29.2</td><td class="align_center">140</td><td class="align_center">2.97</td><td class="align_center">+15/-10</td><td class="align_center">2</td><td class="align_center">3</td><td class="align_center">5</td><td class="align_center">[<a href="../../9764501/#B10" target="_blank">10</a>]</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="11"><hr class="tbody-hr" /></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr class="table-fn"><td><div>Note: <span class="nowrap"><svg height="9.49473pt" id="M69" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 7.34169 9.49473" width="7.34169pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M530 686C535 705 530 712 521 712C504 712 448 684 359 674L358 648H393C437 648 439 646 429 593L400 435C372 447 345 448 332 448C286 448 194 414 144 373C68 311 23 203 23 111C23 26 57 -12 91 -12C120 -12 147 3 188 29C227 54 290 102 341 170H343L322 71C308 6 320 -12 341 -12C373 -12 442 27 501 96L485 120C455 91 422 67 408 67C401 67 401 76 404 91C440 294 479 473 530 686ZM387 375L355 241C326 187 200 53 142 53C126 53 109 73 109 130C109 217 154 337 218 381C240 396 265 404 297 404S372 390 387 375Z"></path></g></svg>:</span> transducer thickness; CF: center frequency; BW: bandwidth; <span class="nowrap"><svg height="9.39034pt" id="M70" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 6.54569 9.39034" width="6.54569pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M471 401C471 442 455 448 440 448C421 448 389 439 366 424C314 390 233 331 165 242H163L187 345C193 372 197 393 197 409C197 435 189 448 174 448C146 448 80 408 23 349L40 327C64 351 97 373 107 373C115 373 118 366 111 337L29 -4L36 -12C56 -4 83 3 110 9C123 69 136 126 150 172C227 283 336 381 377 381C392 381 396 370 379 298L326 74C290 -77 273 -172 273 -197C273 -219 316 -261 346 -261L353 -246C348 -227 352 -174 374 -66L457 310C467 352 471 381 471 401Z"></path></g></svg>:</span> optoacoustic energy conversion efficiency; <span class="nowrap"><svg height="8.68572pt" id="M71" style="vertical-align:-0.0498209pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 8.15071 8.68572" width="8.15071pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M600 480C600 590 528 650 384 650H143L137 622C222 614 225 607 210 531L130 127C113 41 106 36 23 28L17 0H294L300 28C204 36 195 42 212 127L243 284L314 263C327 263 339 263 352 264C465 271 600 337 600 480ZM508 481C508 351 402 304 329 304C289 304 265 311 250 317L295 559C302 594 310 606 323 611C335 616 350 619 367 619C455 619 508 573 508 481Z"></path></g></svg>:</span> optoacoustic pressure; <span class="nowrap"><svg height="9.49473pt" id="M72" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 6.83278 9.49473" width="6.83278pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M499 88L487 113C459 86 422 65 413 65C403 65 403 74 409 98L461 318C487 426 460 448 431 448C408 448 383 441 352 424C305 398 223 344 157 257H155L243 674C249 702 249 712 240 712C227 712 170 680 87 673L82 648H117C155 648 162 644 150 590L23 -4L30 -12C55 -4 81 3 105 8C113 53 131 150 143 187C199 281 323 387 372 387C390 387 393 369 380 311L328 86C313 19 319 -12 347 -12C379 -12 442 24 499 88Z"></path></g></svg>:</span> the distance of hydrophone and transducer; <span class="nowrap"><svg height="10.2124pt" id="M73" style="vertical-align:-1.576501pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 19.5944 10.2124" width="19.5944pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M593 650H142L136 622C219 616 224 611 209 531L130 120C114 39 108 34 23 28L17 0H501C518 32 557 130 568 158L540 169C519 132 495 93 469 70C439 43 409 35 332 35C272 35 241 37 225 50C211 61 211 89 222 149L253 320H350C441 320 443 312 441 239H471L510 434H481C455 366 448 358 360 358H260L303 572C311 613 312 615 348 615H431C509 615 522 603 532 581C544 555 546 531 545 491L574 493C583 555 592 631 593 650Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.008,0)"><path d="M95 130C70 130 46 113 46 88C46 72 54 64 59 64C93 55 121 33 121 -3C121 -41 93 -68 44 -88L55 -117C117 -98 186 -56 186 22C186 91 131 130 95 130Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.151,0)"><path d="M471 456L444 459C426 433 414 430 388 430C324 430 270 434 216 434C103 434 51 374 23 338L43 317C96 366 146 380 221 375L154 109C149 86 147 68 147 52C147 4 168 -12 197 -12C240 -12 291 25 334 71L320 96C295 75 268 58 252 58C238 58 227 79 238 138C251 211 272 296 292 372C310 372 332 368 350 368C391 368 421 369 434 371C444 388 455 413 471 456Z"></path></g></svg>:</span> the energy and width of pulse laser.<br /></div></td></tr></table></div></div>

Table 2 | Recent Advancements in Ultrasound Transducer: From Material Strategies to Biomedical Applications

title

Table 2: Recent Advancements in Ultrasound Transducer: From Material Strategies to Biomedical Applications

description

Table 2

About this journal

<p>The open access journal <em>BME Frontiers (</em><em>BMEF)</em>, published in association with SIBET CAS, is a platform for the multidisciplinary community of biomedical engineering, publishing wide-ranging research in the field.</p>


Journal profile

Meet the editorial board

<p><em>BMEF's</em> editorial board is led by Xingde Li&nbsp;(Johns Hopkins University), Yuguo Tang&nbsp;(Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology), and&nbsp;Guoqi Zhang&nbsp;(Delft University of Technology) and is comprised of leading experts in the field of biomedical engineering.</p>


Editorial board

More special issue details

<p>Special Issues now open for submissions:</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><a href="/bme-frontiers-special-issues/dna-nano"><strong>DNA Nanotechnology&nbsp;for Advanced Biomedical Applications</strong></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong><a href="/bme-frontiers-special-issues/molec-eng-regen-med/">Molecular Engineering and Regenerative Medicine</a></strong></p>


Special Issues

Author guidelines

Databases and indexing

The open access journal BME Frontiers (BMEF), published in association with SIBET CAS, is a platform for the multidisciplinary community of biomedical engineering, publishing wide-ranging research in the field.