|
Year | Transduction principle | Feature | Measured constrain | Active material | Substrate material | Electrode/interconnects material | Sensitivity | Gauge factor | Measured range | Cyclic stability | Ref. |
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2019 | Piezoresistive | Flexible | Strain | TPU/graphene | — | — | — | 80 | Up to 200% | 6000 strain cycles | [236] |
2019 | Piezoresistive | Bidirectional | Strain | TPU/MWCNT | TPU | — | — | 1.5-3 | Up to 50% | 20 cycles | [237] |
2019 | Piezoresistive | Stretchable | Strain | AgNP/MWCNT | Ecoflex 0030 | Ag conductive paste | — | 58.7 | Max strain limit 74% | 1000 strain cycles | [238] |
2019 | Piezoresistive | Fast response 171 ms, thickness 650 μm | Pressure | Graphene nanoplatelets/MWCNT/polyethylene oxide (PEO) | PDMS | Ag conductive paste | 6.56 MPa-1 for <65 kPa 0.335 kPa-1 for 100 kPa | — | 14–105 kPa | 1000 pressure cycles | [239] |
2019 | Capacitive | Bimodal sensor | Bending strain, pressure | Ag conductive ink | Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN), paper | — | — | 3500 | 0.41–1.10% strain | 4500 bending cycles | [35] |
2019 | Capacitive | Stretchable | Strain | Carbon black/Ecoflex | Barium titanate/Ecoflex | — | — | 1.7 and 0.3 | — | 1000 stretching cycles | [181] |
|
2018 | Piezoresistive | High sensitivity | Bending strain, pressure | Polylactic acid-graphene (PLA-G) filament | Thermoplastic polyurethane filament (TPU) | — | — | ~550 | 292 Pa–487 kPa 0.1–26.3 degrees | — | [130] |
2018 | Piezoresistive | | Pressure | PVDF-HFP/PEDOT:PSS | PET | PEDOT:PSS | 13.5/kPa | — | — | 10000 strain cycles | [240] |
2018 | Piezoresistive | Meniscus-guided printing mechanism | Strain | MWCNT/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) | Polyimide (PI), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) | Ag paste, copper wire | — | 13.07 and 12.87 | — | ~1500 bending cycles | [149] |
2018 | Piezoresistive | Stretchable | Pressure | Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/carbon black/NaCl | PDMS | Ag microflake/TPU composite | 5.54 kPa−1, 0.123 kPa−1, 0.0048 kPa−1 | — | 10 Pa to 800 kPa | 10000 pressure cycles | [212] |
2018 | Piezoresistive | Flexible | Pressure | MWCNT/TangoPlus | TangoPlus | — | ∼0.5 N | — | 0–50 N | — | [241] |
2018 | Capacitive | Tactile perception | Force | Ag nanoparticle ink | PET | — | — | — | — | — | [213] |
2018 | Capacitive | Stretchable | Pressure | Ecoflex | PDMS | AgNW ink | 10.6%/kPa | — | 100 Pa–6 kPa | 2000 stretching cycles | [82] |
2018 | Capacitive | Stretchable | Strain | CNT/PDMS | PDMS | AgNW solution | — | 0.95–0.77 | — | — | [191] |
2018 | Capacitive | Stretchable | Pressure | CNT/PDMS | PDMS | — | 547.9 kPa−1 | — | 0–110 Pa | 500 pressure cycles | [242] |
2018 | Triboelectric | Flexible | Compressive load | Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) | — | Ionic hydrogel, copper wire | — | — | — | 3000 working cycle | [202] |
|
2017 | Piezoresistive | Bendable | Strain | Ag nanoparticle ink | VisiJet composite photopolymer | — | — | 50 | 0-10% strain | — | [9] |
2017 | Piezoresistive | Flexible multiaxial force detection | Force | CNT/thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposite filament | Thermoplastic polyurethane filament (TPU) | Ag paste | — | — | 0-5 N | 1000 bending cycles | [243] |
2017 | Piezoresistive | Flexible bimodal | Pressure | PEDOT:PSS/polyurethane dispersion (PUD) | PDMS | Ag nanoparticle | 3 Pa | — | 3 Pa to 5 kPa | 100000 pressure cycles | [245] |
2017 | Piezoresistive | Stretchable | Pressure | Ag/silicone | Silicone ink, Dragon Skin 10 | Ag/silicone | — | ~180 | — | 100 pressing cycles | [231] |
2017 | Piezoresistive | Stretchable | Strain | NH2-MWCNT/GO/SIS | Polystyrene-polyisoprene-polystyrene (SIS) | Cu wires, Ag epoxy | — | >70 | — | — | [247] |
2017 | Piezoresistive | Stretchable | Strain | Ag nanoparticles | Poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) SBS | — | — | — | — | 300 stretching cycles | [248] |
2017 | Capacitive | Hybrid 3D printing | Strain, pressure | Ag flakes | Pure TPU | Ag flakes in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) ink | — | ≈13.3 | 0–3 MPa | 1000 | [109] |
2017 | Capacitive | Flexible | Touch force | Ag nanoparticle ink | Glass, PET film | — | — | — | — | — | [235] |
2017 | Capacitive | Very high sensitivity | Pressure | n-Butyl acetate diluted PDMS | ITO-coated glass | — | 10.4 kPa-1 | — | 0-70 Pa | — | [198] |
2017 | Piezoelectric | Energy generation | Pressure | P(VDF–TrFE) | Polyethylene Naphthalate | Silver nanoparticle | — | — | — | — | [246] |
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