Construction of Dual-Biofunctionalized Chitosan/Collagen Scaffolds for Simultaneous Neovascularization and Nerve Regeneration

Coculture of endothelial cells (ECs) and Schwann cells (SCs) in various scaffolds: (a) toluidine blue (TBO) staining and immunofluorescence staining using platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31), 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and s100β after coculture for 3 days; (b) total number of ECs and SCs in all scaffolds; (c, d) fluorescence intensity of CD31 and s100β corresponding to ECs and SCs, respectively. Red arrow: ECs; yellow arrow: SCs (scale ).