| | Application site | Microneedle property | Function | Ref. |
| | Skin | Stiffness, swellable ability or porosity, biocompatibility | Biomarker detection | [70] | | Optional: biomarker capture ability, specificity | | Stiffness, suitable delivery speed | Drug delivery, vaccination | [2, 11, 53, 92] | | Optional: protective effect, adhesion, responsiveness, separability, dissolvability, antibacteria, controllability |
| | Intestine | Biocompatibility, protective effect, separability or adhesion or dissolvability, biodegradation, suitable delivery speed | Drug delivery | [93] | | Optional: responsiveness, controllability |
| | Blood vessels | Biocompatibility, protective effect, biodegradation, suitable delivery speed | Drug delivery | [25, 85] | | Optional: scaffold function, mesh function, responsiveness, controllability |
| | Ocular tissues | Biocompatibility, separability or transparency or dissolvability, biodegradation, suitable delivery speed | Drug delivery | [86] | | Optional: responsiveness, controllability |
| | Oral mucosa | Biocompatibility, protective effect, biodegradation, suitable delivery speed | Vaccination | [112, 113] | | Optional: separability, dissolvability, adhesion, responsiveness |
| | Genital tracts | Biocompatibility, protective effect, biodegradation, suitable delivery speed | Vaccination | [114] | | Optional: separability, dissolvability, adhesion, responsiveness, adjustability |
| | Hearts | Stiffness, biocompatibility, protective effect, biodegradation, suitable delivery speed | Drug delivery | [108] | | Optional: dissolvability, adhesion, responsiveness, adjustability |
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