Atherosclerosis, the principle cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) worldwide, is mainly characterized by the pathological accumulation of diseased vascular cells and apoptotic cellular debris. Atherogenesis is associated with the upregulation of CD47, a key antiphagocytic molecule that is known to render malignant cells resistant to programmed cell removal, or &#x201C;efferocytosis.&#x201D; Here, we have developed platelet membrane-coated mesoporous silicon nanoparticles (PMSN) as a drug delivery system to target atherosclerotic plaques with the delivery of an anti-CD47 antibody. Briefly, the cell membrane coat prolonged the circulation of the particles by evading the immune recognition and provided an affinity to plaques and atherosclerotic sites. The anti-CD47 antibody then normalized the clearance of diseased vascular tissue and further ameliorated atherosclerosis by blocking CD47. In an atherosclerosis model established in ApoE<sup>&#x2212;/&#x2212;</sup> mice, PMSN encapsulating anti-CD47 antibody delivery significantly promoted the efferocytosis of necrotic cells in plaques. Clearing the necrotic cells greatly reduced the atherosclerotic plaque area and stabilized the plaques reducing the risk of plaque rupture and advanced thrombosis. Overall, this study demonstrated the therapeutic advantages of PMSN encapsulating anti-CD47 antibodies for atherosclerosis therapy, which holds considerable promise as a new targeted drug delivery platform for efficient therapy of atherosclerosis.

Liang Chen

Zhongyi Zhou

Cheng Hu

Manfred F. Maitz

Li Yang

Rifang Luo

Yunbing Wang

Platelet Membrane-Coated Nanocarriers Targeting Plaques to Deliver Anti-CD47 Antibody for Atherosclerotic Therapy

High dielectric constants in organic semiconductors have been identified as a central challenge for the improvement in not only piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and ferroelectric effects but also photoelectric conversion efficiency in OPVs, carrier mobility in OFETs, and charge density in charge-trapping memories. Herein, we report an ultralong persistence length (<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-5.07803pt" height="13.8132pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.73517 35.6343 13.8132" width="35.6343pt"><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,0,0)"><path d="M313 679L305 684L225 660L61 0H144L313 679Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0088,0,0,-0.0088,2.56,3.133)"><path d="M159 458L153 460C100 439 64 426 9 409V393C18 394 25 394 34 394C68 394 75 384 75 337V-131C75 -183 64 -194 5 -200V-217H247V-199C172 -198 159 -187 159 -124V33C195 0 218 -10 260 -10C379 -10 470 102 470 247C470 371 400 460 303 460C247 460 203 436 159 381V458ZM159 334C159 364 215 400 261 400C335 400 384 324 384 207C384 97 335 22 263 22C216 22 159 58 159 88V334Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,10.926,0)"><path d="M604 475C589 404 556 337 487 337C414 337 307 465 211 465C113 465 53 361 48 261H81C97 332 134 399 204 399C276 399 383 271 479 271C577 271 631 390 637 475H604ZM604 239C589 168 556 101 487 101C414 101 307 229 211 229C113 229 53 125 48 25H81C97 96 134 163 204 163C276 163 383 35 479 35C577 35 631 154 637 239H604Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,22.96,0)"><path d="M473 167V231H370V676H326L12 231V167H292V0H370V167H473ZM292 231H52L292 574V231Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,29.203,0)"><path d="M394 0V15C319 15 299 33 299 76V673L290 676L111 585V571L138 581C156 588 173 593 183 593C204 593 213 578 213 544V95C213 40 192 19 118 15V0H394Z"/></g></svg> nm) effect of spiro-fused organic nanopolymers on dielectric properties, together with excitonic and charge carrier behaviors. The state-of-the-art nanopolymers, namely, nanopolyspirogrids (NPSGs), are synthesized via the simple cross-scale Friedel-Crafts polygridization of A<sub>2</sub>B<sub>2</sub>-type nanomonomers. The high dielectric constant (<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-0.1814098pt" height="8.91658pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.73517 44.7616 8.91658" width="44.7616pt"><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,0,0)"><path d="M556 453H452L217 303L311 679L303 684L227 660L63 0H142L193 207L349 0H452L261 255L553 439L556 453Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,10.642,0)"><path d="M637 320V386H48V320H637ZM637 120V186H48V120H637Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,22.676,0)"><path d="M445 155C445 235 413 289 290 371C389 424 424 458 424 533C424 611 355 676 256 676C145 676 62 616 62 520C62 455 83 417 186 332C79 257 56 218 56 149C56 55 135 -14 248 -14C368 -14 445 52 445 155ZM355 533C355 471 329 429 261 389C173 441 136 487 136 549S179 648 246 648C314 648 355 602 355 533ZM271 272C339 226 369 186 369 124C369 59 324 14 259 14C183 14 132 66 132 158C132 223 153 264 212 312L271 272Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,28.919,0)"><path d="M181 43C181 73 155 100 126 100C95 100 70 75 70 44S94 -11 125 -11C155 -11 181 14 181 43Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,32.041,0)"><path d="M473 167V231H370V676H326L12 231V167H292V0H370V167H473ZM292 231H52L292 574V231Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,38.284,0)"><path d="M61 510C102 584 148 616 210 616C276 616 318 582 318 514C318 453 286 408 237 380C217 368 191 357 153 344V330C210 330 233 327 255 320C324 300 359 251 359 175C359 90 303 22 229 22C201 22 180 27 143 53C115 73 99 79 82 79C59 79 41 64 41 43C41 7 80 -14 153 -14C242 -14 337 15 385 79C414 117 431 166 431 219C431 271 415 317 387 348C366 370 348 382 304 401C371 441 397 491 397 539C397 621 334 676 241 676C137 676 74 609 45 514L61 510Z"/></g></svg>) of NPSG is firstly achieved by locking spiro-polygridization effect that results in the enhancement of dipole polarization. When doping into a polystyrene-based dielectric layer, such a high-<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-0.0498209pt" height="8.60953pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.55971 7.28103 8.60953" width="7.28103pt"><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,0,0)"><path d="M556 453H452L217 303L311 679L303 684L227 660L63 0H142L193 207L349 0H452L261 255L553 439L556 453Z"/></g></svg> feature of NPSG increases the field-effect carrier mobility from 0.20 to 0.90 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> in pentacene OFET devices. Meanwhile, amorphous NPSG film exhibits an ultralow energy disorder (&lt;50 meV) for an excellent zero-field hole mobility of <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-0.3004999pt" height="11.8255pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -11.525 121.231 11.8255" width="121.231pt"><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,0,0)"><path d="M61 510C102 584 148 616 210 616C276 616 318 582 318 514C318 453 286 408 237 380C217 368 191 357 153 344V330C210 330 233 327 255 320C324 300 359 251 359 175C359 90 303 22 229 22C201 22 180 27 143 53C115 73 99 79 82 79C59 79 41 64 41 43C41 7 80 -14 153 -14C242 -14 337 15 385 79C414 117 431 166 431 219C431 271 415 317 387 348C366 370 348 382 304 401C371 441 397 491 397 539C397 621 334 676 241 676C137 676 74 609 45 514L61 510Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,6.243,0)"><path d="M181 43C181 73 155 100 126 100C95 100 70 75 70 44S94 -11 125 -11C155 -11 181 14 181 43Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,9.365,0)"><path d="M59 -22C189 -4 254 20 339 97C419 170 459 279 459 394C459 478 435 550 395 600C356 648 302 676 238 676C119 676 30 575 30 440C30 318 102 237 210 237C269 237 317 252 360 294C320 130 208 25 56 -2L59 -22ZM362 355C362 302 289 280 245 280C170 280 122 355 122 474C122 528 137 587 157 614C174 636 200 648 230 648C317 648 362 562 362 394V355Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,15.608,0)"><path d="M473 167V231H370V676H326L12 231V167H292V0H370V167H473ZM292 231H52L292 574V231Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,24.636,0)"><path d="M597 22L367 252L597 484L551 529L320 299L90 529L43 483L273 252L43 21L89 -25L320 205L551 -25L597 22Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,35.412,0)"><path d="M394 0V15C319 15 299 33 299 76V673L290 676L111 585V571L138 581C156 588 173 593 183 593C204 593 213 578 213 544V95C213 40 192 19 118 15V0H394Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,41.655,0)"><path d="M476 330C476 535 385 676 254 676C93 676 24 513 24 336C24 172 79 -14 250 -14C413 -14 476 158 476 330ZM380 325C380 127 335 12 250 12C164 12 120 126 120 329S165 650 248 650C336 650 380 533 380 325Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0088,0,0,-0.0088,47.945,-5.395)"><path d="M621 220V286H64V220H621Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0088,0,0,-0.0088,53.932,-5.395)"><path d="M61 510C102 584 148 616 210 616C276 616 318 582 318 514C318 453 286 408 237 380C217 368 191 357 153 344V330C210 330 233 327 255 320C324 300 359 251 359 175C359 90 303 22 229 22C201 22 180 27 143 53C115 73 99 79 82 79C59 79 41 64 41 43C41 7 80 -14 153 -14C242 -14 337 15 385 79C414 117 431 166 431 219C431 271 415 317 387 348C366 370 348 382 304 401C371 441 397 491 397 539C397 621 334 676 241 676C137 676 74 609 45 514L61 510Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,60.929,0)"><path d="M398 156C350 86 314 62 257 62C165 62 102 142 102 257C102 361 157 431 238 431C274 431 287 420 297 383L303 361C311 332 329 315 351 315C377 315 398 334 398 357C398 413 328 460 244 460C197 460 149 442 109 409C55 364 25 295 25 212C25 83 104 -10 215 -10C258 -10 296 4 330 32C360 56 380 85 412 147L398 156Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,66.493,0)"><path d="M775 0V15L749 17C719 19 706 32 706 77V280C706 398 671 460 590 460C532 460 481 434 427 376C409 433 375 460 321 460C276 460 234 451 168 383H166V457L158 460C107 441 74 430 19 415V398C32 401 40 402 51 402C77 402 86 385 86 336V88C86 30 72 16 16 15V0H238V15C185 17 170 27 170 70V348C170 350 176 357 183 365C203 389 252 408 289 408C332 408 354 366 354 297V86C354 25 343 19 286 15V0H510V15C453 16 438 30 438 95V347C468 390 498 408 545 408C602 408 622 375 622 296V90C622 32 613 21 557 15V0H775Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0088,0,0,-0.0088,76.244,-4.387)"><path d="M474 137L460 143C427 87 406 76 364 76H130L295 252C384 346 423 421 423 500C423 599 351 676 238 676C115 676 51 594 30 477L51 472C91 570 126 602 198 602C283 602 337 552 337 461C337 376 301 300 207 201L29 12V0H420L474 137Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,83.218,0)"><path d="M697 662H493V643C533 639 565 641 565 602C565 585 558 560 546 530L399 161L247 503C217 570 208 594 208 610C208 630 221 639 253 641L281 643V662H16V643C66 642 81 630 124 533L368 -11H383L605 552C634 626 657 642 697 643V662Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0088,0,0,-0.0088,92.267,-5.17)"><path d="M621 220V286H64V220H621Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0088,0,0,-0.0088,98.254,-5.17)"><path d="M394 0V15C319 15 299 33 299 76V673L290 676L111 585V571L138 581C156 588 173 593 183 593C204 593 213 578 213 544V95C213 40 192 19 118 15V0H394Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,105.25,0)"><path d="M156 301C128 318 113 347 113 369C113 416 145 437 188 437C248 437 278 404 301 314H316L311 450H300C292 441 288 440 284 440C277 440 267 443 256 448C235 458 213 459 189 459C107 459 51 415 51 336C51 285 88 237 171 191L225 161C258 143 278 117 278 86C278 45 246 12 195 12C126 12 89 56 68 153H52V-4H65C71 6 77 8 89 8C100 8 111 7 135 -1C158 -9 187 -10 208 -10C284 -10 348 48 348 115C348 172 324 199 260 238L156 301Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0088,0,0,-0.0088,110.125,-4.387)"><path d="M621 220V286H64V220H621Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0088,0,0,-0.0088,116.113,-4.387)"><path d="M394 0V15C319 15 299 33 299 76V673L290 676L111 585V571L138 581C156 588 173 593 183 593C204 593 213 578 213 544V95C213 40 192 19 118 15V0H394Z"/></g></svg>, surpassing most of the amorphous <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-0.1876597pt" height="5.82719pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -5.63953 8.04553 5.82719" width="8.04553pt"><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,0,0)"><path d="M589 453H284C194 453 137 436 81 337L135 303C165 360 200 380 227 382C162 124 118 65 45 61L59 -10C184 -10 251 161 306 382H392C383 356 337 192 323 135C318 115 316 97 316 82C316 8 370 -9 434 -10L486 44L491 61C432 61 401 62 401 110C401 126 405 147 412 176C427 233 450 329 470 382H572L589 453Z"/></g></svg>-conjugated polymers. Organic nanopolymers with high dielectric constants open a new way to break through the bottleneck of efficiency and multifunctionality in the blueprint of the fourth-generation semiconductors.

Dongqing Lin

Wenhua Zhang

Hang Yin

Haixia Hu

Yang Li

He Zhang

Le Wang

Xinmiao Xie

Hongkai Hu

Yongxia Yan

Haifeng Ling

Jin&#x2019;an Liu

Yue Qian

Lei Tang

Yongxia Wang

Chaoyang Dong

Linghai Xie

Hao Zhang

Shasha Wang

Ying Wei

Xuefeng Guo

Dan Lu

Wei Huang

Cross-Scale Synthesis of Organic High-<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" id="M1" style="vertical-align:-0.0498209pt" height="8.60953pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.55971 7.28103 8.60953" width="7.28103pt"><g transform="matrix(.0125,0,0,-0.0125,0,0)"><path d="M556 453H452L217 303L311 679L303 684L227 660L63 0H142L193 207L349 0H452L261 255L553 439L556 453Z"/><glyph.data ascent="819" descent="-232" horiz-adv-x="453" vert-adv-y="453"/></g></svg> Semiconductors Based on Spiro-Gridized Nanopolymers

Carbon emission from soil is not only one of the major sources of greenhouse gases but also threatens biological diversity, agricultural productivity, and food security. Regulation and control of the soil carbon pool are political practices in many countries around the globe. Carbon pool management in engineering sense is much bigger and beyond laws and monitoring, as it has to contain proactive elements to restore active carbon. Biogeochemistry teaches us that soil microorganisms are crucial to manage the carbon content effectively. Adding carbon materials to soil is thereby not directly sequestration, as interaction of appropriately designed materials with the soil microbiome can result in both: metabolization and thereby nonsustainable use of the added carbon, or&#x2014;more favorably&#x2014;a biological amplification of human efforts and sequestration of extra CO<sub>2</sub> by microbial growth. We review here potential approaches to govern soil carbon, with a special focus set on the emerging practice of adding manufactured carbon materials to control soil carbon and its biological dynamics. Notably, research on so-called &#x201C;biochar&#x201D; is already relatively mature, while the role of artificial humic substance (A-HS) in microbial carbon sequestration is still in the developing stage. However, it is shown that the preparation and application of A-HS are large biological levers, as they directly interact with the environment and community building of the biological soil system. We believe that A-HS can play a central role in stabilizing carbon pools in soil.

Chunyu Tang

Fan Yang

Markus Antonietti

Carbon Materials Advancing Microorganisms in Driving Soil Organic Carbon Regulation

Four-wire measurements have been introduced by Lord Kelvin in 1861 and have since become the standard technique for characterizing small resistances and impedances. However, high-density 4-wire measurements are generally complex, time-consuming, and inefficient because of constraints on interconnects, pads, external wires, and mechanical contacts, thus reducing reproducibility, statistical significance, and throughput. Here, we introduce, systematically design, analyze, and experimentally validate zero interconnect networks interfaced to external instrumentation by couples of twin wire. 3D-printed holders with magnets, interconnects, nonadhesive layers, and spacers can effortlessly establish excellent electrical connections with tunable or minimum contact forces and enable accurate measurements even for delicate devices, such as thin metals on soft polymers. As an example, we measured all the resistances of a twin-wire 29-resistor network made of silver-nanoparticle ink printed on polyimide, paper, or photo paper, including during sintering or temperature calibration, resulting in an unprecedentedly easy and accurate characterization of both resistivity and its temperature coefficient. The theoretical framework and experimental strategies reported here represent a breakthrough toward zero interconnect, simple, and efficient high-density 4-wire characterizations, can be generalized to other 4-wire measurements (impedances, sensors) and can open the way to more statistically meaningful and reproducible analyses of materials, high-throughput measurements, and minimally invasive characterizations of biomaterials.

Nerio Andr&#x00E9;s Montoya

Valeria Criscuolo

Andrea Lo Presti

Raffaele Vecchione

Christian Falconi

Twin-Wire Networks for Zero Interconnect, High-Density 4-Wire Electrical Characterizations of Materials

About this journal

<p>The open access journal <em>Research</em>, published in association with CAST, publishes innovative, wide-ranging research in life sciences, physical sciences, engineering and applied science.</p>


Journal profile

Meet the editorial board

<p><em>Research's</em>&nbsp;Editorial Board includes international experts in fields ranging from life sciences to physical sciences. Tianhong Cui of University of Minnesota and Wei Huang of Northwestern Polytechnical University, China serve as the Editors-in-Chief of the journal.</p>


Editorial board

More special issue details

<p><strong>Recently published special issues:</strong></p>

<p>•&nbsp;<a href="https://spj.sciencemag.org/research-special-issues/perovskite-materials/">Perovskite Materials</a></p>

<p>•&nbsp;<a href="https://spj.sciencemag.org/research-special-issues/organic-afterglow/">Organic Super Long Afterglow</a></p>

<p><strong>News:</strong></p>

<p><em>Research </em>is now indexed in Web of Science SCIE in the multidisciplinary category and is expected to receive its first Impact Factor in 2022.</p>


Anouncements

Author guidelines

Databases and indexing

title

The open access journal Research, published in association with CAST, publishes innovative, wide-ranging research in life sciences, physical sciences, engineering and applied science.